9/15 Minutes

Credibility:
Example: It looks like it's going to rain
Grounds: Accu-weather said it would (reasonably reliable source)

-Case examples function much like straight facts do-- but not only do they help clarify points of discussion, they add persuasion and make the idea more memorable.
-Hypothetic examples can only demonstrate probabilities
1. "This one time, at band camp, I was.."
- personal example
- can fail to connect with audience
2. "Lets say you were..."
- useful if audience can place themselves in the situation
3. "During band camp last year.."
- less personal, more factual

"True" Facts?
-facts aren't always true
-all evidence is based on perception/assumption
example: 9 planets --> 8 planets and a dwarf planet
-facts change

-Grounds must stand strongly, grounds might be challenged so strongly that they become claims themselves--which would require the arguer to come up with MORE grounds for support-- deeper info and further argument.

-acceptance = won an argument
-dismissal = no way to win (wont even be argued)
-challenge = fight is on

THE WARRANT: The warrant is the inferential leap that creates a mental connection between the claim and the grounds -- thus establishing the claims legitimacy.
- Chains of reasoning
-unstated assumptions
- presuppositions
-general principles
-widely held values
-commonly accepted beliefs
-appeals to human motives

"Where is the author coming from?"
"What is causing the author to think this way?"

-Warrant links support to the claim by enabling the audience to accept/justify particular evidence as proof
-Warrants are implicit (unstated)
-The audience supplies the warrant
-Warrants establish links between the author and the audience; shared warrants result in successfully established common grounds

-Warrants reveal unspoken beliefs and values of the author, they invite the audience to examine its own beliefs and compare them.

6 Main Argumentative Strategies: (GASCAD)
1. Generalization
2. Analogy
3. Sign
4. Causality
5. Authority
6. Principle

Generalizations:
- common form of reasoning
- what is true of a well chosen sample is likely to hold for a larger group/ population
Example:
Claim: That dog is friendly.
Grounds: It's a Golden Retriever
Warrant: Most/All Golden Retrievers are friendly -- Generalization

Analogy:
- Extrapolation from one situation or even based on the nature and outcome of a similar event
-found in law: "case based"
-Are there sufficient, typical, accurate, relevant similarities between 2 contexts?
"Life is like a box of chocolates"

False Analogy:
"I can do this well, so I can do that well..."


-Sammi Drury