9/17 Minutes

We do admit error
-Unlike other forms of writing, academic arguments often include discussions of possible objections and counterarguments to the position being advanced.
-Academic arguments typically take place in communities where competing or divergent positions exist.
-To engage members of an academic community in argument, writers must be aware of those members’ pre-existing beliefs and opinions, because it’s upon that basis that the writer will strive to build their claims and defend them.
-Dealing with counterarguments and objections is a key point of the building, refining, and interpreting and analyzing of arguments.
1.demonstrates the author is aware of opposing views. Writer is likely to seem fair and be more persuasive.
2.shows the writer is thinking about responses of readers, anticipating objections the reader may have. This can inoculate the reader against counterarguments.
3.when a writer contrasts their opinion with opposing arguments or alternative hypotheses, the writer clarififies the position for which they are arguing.

Dealing with the Devil
Tactic 1: strategic concession
Tactic 2: refutation
Tactic 3: demonstration of irrelevance

-any rebuttal is an argument in itself and thus, may include its own claim, grounds, warrant, backing qualifier – and rebuttal.
-A writer presenting an argument can seek both possible rebuttals, rebuttals to rebuttals and so on.

The Toulmin Sentence: a pre-writing organizer
-NOT A SENTENCE IN YOUR ESSAY
-Because (grounds), therefore, or so (qualifier) (claim), since (warrant), because, or on account of (backing), unless (reservation)